A Mother with Sixteen Children to Raise Growing up in Ghana in the 1970s, my mother taught her eight biological children and eight non-biological children the enduring virtues of self-reliance, hard work, and personal dignity. She was a woman of uncommon wisdom who believed that excessive dependence on others diminished one’s humanity and weakened one’s…
The world today is full of religions. By merely casting a cursory glance around us, we encounter Christians and Christianity, Hindus and Hinduism, Muslims and Islam, atheists, agnostics, traditionalists, Zionists, Jews and Judaism, Confucianists and Confucianism, Shintos and Shintoism. Religion, as sociologists and comparative cultural anthropologists remind us, is a social institution and a cultural…
Scholars who study society—sociologists, anthropologists, and others—have long observed that religion exists in every known culture. Because of this, religion is often described as a cultural universal. It is not limited to one people or place; it is a shared human experience. In today’s world, religion remains widespread. About 2 billion people identify as Muslims,…
Sociologists define religion as a system of shared beliefs and practices through which people relate to what they consider sacred or supernatural. In simple terms, religion helps people make sense of life, death, and the world beyond what we can see. A Cultural Universal One important idea in sociology is that religion is a cultural…
An observable feature of Ghanaian social life is a recurring tendency toward silence in moments that might otherwise call for resistance or confrontation. Even when individuals experience clear forms of mistreatment, there is often a strong social and cultural pull toward restraint rather than action. People are frequently encouraged to endure, to exercise patience, and…
Introduction The question of whether the criminalization of witchcraft accusations would have any meaningful impact in Ghana requires careful and systematic analysis. At present, witchcraft accusations are largely non-criminal, meaning there are no specific laws prohibiting individuals from accusing others of being witches. As a result, those who make such accusations do not face arrest,…
With colonialism came missionaries who sought to convert Africans to Christianity and, in the process, reshape African ways of life. This encounter was not culturally neutral. It involved a systematic attempt—sometimes subtle, often overt—to redefine African identity, values, and social institutions. While missionary education brought literacy and formal schooling, it also carried profound cultural consequences…
In every society, including Ghana, there exist disabled people living with various forms of disability. These disabilities take many shapes and forms. Some are physical, affecting mobility, sight, hearing, or bodily function. Others are mental or psychological, influencing cognition, emotional regulation, or social interaction. Disability is not confined to any particular group in society; it…
In Ghana, cigarette smoking is strongly gendered. Men smoke; women generally do not. It is relatively rare to see a woman or young girl smoking in public, and when this does occur, it often attracts social disapproval. Women and girls who smoke may be labeled as morally deviant or associated with sex work. This pattern…
Men and boys are frequently victims of homicide, yet discussions of lethal violence often overlook the specific contexts in which they are targeted. Scholars of homicide and lethal violence have developed a range of terms to describe killings based on the relationship between victim and offender, as well as the broader social context in which…
Femicide refers to the intentional killing of females because they are female. It is widely recognized within criminology and gender studies as a distinct form of homicide, shaped by gender inequality, power imbalances, and cultural norms. Scholars of homicide and lethal violence use several related terms to describe gender-based killings. One such term is gynocide,…
Politics, at its core, is a struggle over resources, influence, and authority. While much of political competition is expressed through negotiation, elections, and policymaking, history shows that the pursuit of power can also result in extreme acts, including the deliberate taking of human life. Homicide—the act of one person killing another—assumes particular significance when it…
All human societies are governed by rules. These rules regulate behavior by defining what individuals may do and what they must refrain from doing. Without such rules, social life would be chaotic and unpredictable. In sociology, these rules are referred to as norms. Norms are the shared expectations that guide behavior within a society. They…
Rules, Laws, and Social Order All human societies are governed by rules. These rules regulate behavior by defining what individuals may do and what they must refrain from doing. Without such rules, social life would be chaotic, unpredictable, and ultimately unsustainable. Rules make social interaction possible by creating order, stability, and mutual expectations among members…
Let’s be clear from the outset: no culture is superior to another, and no culture is inferior. This should not be a controversial statement in the 21st century—yet, in practice, it still is. Culture remains one of the most misunderstood concepts in public discourse. When people misunderstand culture, they don’t just get definitions wrong—they get…
